A
common refrain from commentators over the last year or so is that the bull
market in U.S. equities is “long in the tooth.”
The very use of this phrase implies a market which has reached a stage
of decrepitude from which only bad things can result. “Long in the tooth,” in other words, implies
the imminent demise of the bull and the birth of a new bear market.
But
does an old bull market necessarily give rise to a bear market by virtue of its
age? Does old age in fact kill
bulls? A careful study of market history
provides a negative answer to this question.
Old age doesn’t kill bull markets; in fact, it’s not uncommon for equity
bull markets to last 8-9 years before they terminate. For perspective, the present bull market has
only just entered its sixth year.
If
anything, age “mellows” a bull market in much the same way that it mellows
wine. The early phases of a new bull
market are often characterized by wild volatility and uncertainty. As market sage Richard Russell once observed,
“The early stage of a bull market…always tests the nerves of the
participants. The bull will try to
advance while attracting the fewest possible numbers of ‘riders.’” That’s exactly what the U.S. equity bull
market did in its infant stages between 2009 and 2011 (remember the infamous
“Flash Crash”?) Indeed, there weren’t
many analysts who were willing to go on record in those years to proclaim that
a new secular bull market was underway; most cautiously referred to it as a
either a “cyclical” bull or an extended bear market rally.
The
second half of a bull market (prior to the final “distribution phase”) is
typically characterized by declining volatility and by a decisive upward bias
that is all but impossible to ignore. This
what can be termed the “momentum phase” of a bull market. It’s during this phase that retail investors
come to accept the reality of the secular bull market and begin participating
without the trepidation that characterized the bull’s early years. Low volatility is absolutely necessary, from
the standpoint of the insiders, to establishing the bull’s claim and luring the
public into the market. Without
widespread public participation there can be no culmination of the bull market
since the “smart money” has to have someone to sell to.
The
proof that a secular (long-term) bull market had been birthed in 2009 wasn’t
evident to the majority of investors until 2013. It was during this year that the Dow and
S&P 500 finally overcame their previous highs made in 2007. Viewed another way, it was only two short
years ago that the U.S. equity market reached the “break even” point from
2007. The gains that have been made
since then can be viewed as the “real” start of the momentum phase of the bull
market. At only two years of age, the
momentum phase of the bull market has a ways to go before it gives way to the
final stage of a secular bull market, namely the “distribution phase.”
No
bull market can end until the distribution phase commences. As the name implies, distribution involves
the selling of equities by “smart money” participants who wish to finally cash
out of what has been (for them) a long and profitable bull run. Since they can’t sell to themselves, they
must bring the public into the market in order to unload their holdings onto
the unsuspecting small investor.
Distribution phases are always marked by glaring advertisements for
stock ownership in the form of news articles in the popular press, TV shows,
Internet advertising, etc. The previous
two bull markets which ended in the late 1990s and the mid-to-late 2000s,
respectively, were characterized by this widespread advertising and public
participation.
Currently,
nothing even remotely similar to those two periods can be seen. Today the average small investor is nowhere
to be found. Still feeling the
psychological effects of the late credit crisis, he is in no hurry to leap back
into an equity market which he believes to be “overvalued” and “long in the
tooth.” But before this bull expires you
can rest assured Mr. and Mrs. Small Investor will once again rejoin the fray,
just as they did before the culmination of all previous bull markets. Before the public enters as active participants,
the secular bull market will remain very much alive.
Returning
to our original proposition, if old age doesn’t kill bull markets then what
does? If you listen to the opinions of
most economists your answer would be that economic recessions kill bull
markets. That belief is of equally dubious
merit, however. There have been more
than a few instances in history of recessions running concurrently with equity
bull markets. In fact, the recent
experience in Japan late last year is a case in point. Even though Japan experienced two consecutive
quarters of economic contraction and officially entered a recession, the Nikkei
stock market index remained very much in bull market territory (see chart
below). Conversely, there have been many
cases in which an equity bear market precedes an economic recession, often by a
lead time of several months or even up to a year.
In
the final analysis, virtually every bull market in U.S. history met its demise
due to a common factor: the Federal Reserve.
Fed policy is what kills bull markets in almost every instance. The progressive increase in Fed interest
rates and subsequent tightening of credit is what eventually chokes off demand
for equities, thus culminating the bull’s run.
There’s even a Wall Street aphorism which attests to this: “Bull markets
don’t end until the Fed removes the punch bowl.” As long as Fed policy remains accommodative,
the secular bull market will live on.
The
last few months have been a time of consolidation for the stock market. As measured by the NYSE Composite Index (NYA)
the market has gone essentially nowhere for the 10 months. To many investors this lack of forward
progress may feel like a bear market, but it’s actually laying the foundation
for the next phase of the bull market.
Think of the sideways range as a launching pad for the market’s next
advancing phase, which in turn is necessary before the final
distribution/ending phase can begin.
